Quotes From Shakespeares The Tempest

The Tempest, first produced in 1611 as one of William Shakespeares last plays, is a story of betrayal, magic, castaways, love, forgiveness, subjugation, and redemption. Prospero, the exiled duke of Milan, and his daughter, Miranda, have been marooned on an island for 12 years, stranded there when Antonio, Prosperos brother, usurped Prosperos throne and banished him. Prospero is served by Ariel, a magical spirit, and Caliban, a disfigured native of the island whom Prospero holds as a slave. Antonio and Alonso, the king of Naples, are sailing past the island when Prospero summons his magic to create a violent storm, sinking the ship and sending the castaways to the island. One of the castaways, Alonsos son Ferdinand, and Miranda immediately fall in love, an arrangement of which Prospero approves. Others castaways include Trinculo and Stephano, Alonsos jester and butler, who join forces with Caliban in a plan to kill Prospero and take over the island. All ends well: The plotters are thwarted, the lovers are united, the usurpers are forgiven, Prospero regains his throne, and he releases Ariel and Caliban from servitude. Here are some quotes from the play that illustrate its themes: I, thus neglecting worldly ends, all dedicatedTo closeness and the bettering of my mindWith that which, but by being so retired,Oerprized all popular rate, in my false brotherAwaked an evil nature, and my trust,Like a good parent, did beget of himA falsehood in its contrary as greatAs my trust was, which had indeed no limit,A confidence sans bound. (Act 1, Scene 2) Prospero deeply trusted his brother, and now he ponders how Antonio became so convinced of his own greatness that he turned against Prospero, stealing his throne and banishing him to the island. This is one of Shakespeares many references to divided, quarreling families that appear in a number of his plays. You taught me language, and my profit ontIs, I know how to curse. The red plague rid youFor learning me your language! (Act 1, Scene 2) One of the themes of the play is the conflict between the colonizers—Prospero and the civilized people who have descended upon the island—and the colonized—including Caliban, the servant and a native of the island. While Prospero believes he has cared for and educated Caliban, Caliban here describes how he sees Prospero as the oppressor and the language he has acquired as worthless and merely a symbol of that oppression. Leggd like a man! and his fins like arms! Warm, o mytroth! I do now let loose my opinion, hold it no longer: this is nofish, but an islander, that hath lately sufferd by a thunder-bolt.[Thunder.] Alas, the storm is come again! My best way is to creepunder his gaberdine; there is no other shelter hereabout: miseryacquaints a man with strange bedfellows. I will here shroud till thedregs of the storm be past. (Act 2, Scene 2) This passage occurs when Trinculo, Alonsos jester, comes across Caliban, who mistook Trinculo for a spirit and is lying on the ground, hiding under his cloak, or gaberdine. Trinculo utters the famous strange bedfellows phrase originated by Shakespeare in a more literal sense than we usually hear it today, meaning to lie with him as if asleep, like bedfellows. Its just one more example of the mistaken identities that fill Shakespeares plays. There be some sports are painful, and their laborDelight in them sets off. Some kinds of basenessAre nobly undergone, and most poor mattersPoint to rich ends. This my mean taskWould be as heavy to me as odious, butThe mistress which I serve quickens what’s deadAnd makes my labors pleasures. (Act 3, Scene 1) Prospero has asked Ferdinand to undertake an unpleasant task, and Ferdinand tells Miranda that he will fulfill her fathers wishes in the hope that it will improve his odds of marrying her. The passage illustrates the many compromises that characters in the play must make to achieve their ends: for example, liberation from servitude for Caliban and Ariel, atonement for Antonio after stealing his brothers throne, and the restoration of Prospero to his former lofty perch in Milan. [I weep] at mine unworthiness, that dare not offerWhat I desire to give, and much less takeWhat I shall die to want. But this is trifling,And all the more it seeks to hide itselfThe bigger bulk it shows. Hence, bashful cunning,And prompt me, plain and holy innocence.I am your wife, if you will marry me.If not, I’ll die your maid. To be your fellowYou may deny me, but I’ll be your servantWhether you will or no. (Act 3, Scene 1) In this passage Miranda abandons her earlier demure, compliant manner and proposes to Ferdinand in surprisingly strong terms and in no uncertain way. Shakespeare is known for his penchant for creating female characters who are stronger than those of his contemporary writers and many of his successors, a list of powerful women headed by Lady Macbeth in Macbeth. Be not afeard. The isle is full of noises,Sounds, and sweet airs, that give delight and hurt not.Sometimes a thousand twangling instrumentsWill hum about mine ears, and sometime voicesThat, if I then had waked after long sleepWill make me sleep again; and then in dreamingThe clouds methought would open and show richesReady to drop upon me, that when I wakedI cried to dream again. (Act 3, Scene 2) This speech by Caliban, often seen as one of the most poetic passages in The Tempest, to some extent counters his image as a misshapen, inarticulate monster. He speaks of music and other sounds, either coming naturally from the island or from Prosperos magic, that he enjoys so much that if he had heard them in a dream he would have fervently wished to return to that dream. It marks him as one of Shakespeares many complicated, multi-sided characters. These our actors,As I foretold you, were all spirits, andAre melted into air, into thin air,And, like the baseless fabric of vision,The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces,The solemn temples, the great globe itself,Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolveAnd, like this insubstantial pageant faded,Leave not a rack behind. We are such stuffAs dreams are made on, and our little lifeIs rounded with sleep. (Act 4, Scene 1) Here Prospero, who has staged a masque, a music and dance performance, as an engagement present for Ferdinand and Miranda, suddenly remembers Calibans plot against him and unexpectedly ends the performance. Ferdinand and Miranda are shocked by his abrupt manner, and Prospero speaks these lines to reassure them, saying that the performance, like Shakespeares play and life in general, is an illusion, a dream destined to disappear in the natural order of things. Sources Famous Quotes. Royal Shakespeare Company.The Tempest. Folger Shakespeare Library.The Tempest Quotes. Spark Notes.

The Islamic Republic Of Iran - 1617 Words

Among the nations of the Middle East, The Islamic Republic of Iran stands as an oddity. It is a nation with a unique history, culture, and national identity. Formally known as Persia, Iran is the only non-Arab nation in the Middle East and the only Shi’ite theocracy in the world. The world’s first empire sprang out of Iran and spread from Egypt and Greece in the west to modern cultural identity day India in the East. Iran’s diverse history has manifested into a unique that has put Iran’s political objectives in conflict with many of its Middle Eastern neighbors and Western Civilization. Historians place human activity within Iranian borders as early as 30,000 B.C.E. There were several pre-Achaemenian civilizations found in Iran,†¦show more content†¦when Alexander III of Macedon, or more commonly referred to as Alexander the Great, invaded and quickly conquered the Persian Empire. Between 200 B.C.E. to 642 C.E. several other Empires conquere d and ruled the region. These Empires include the Parthian Empire (248 B.C.E. to 224 C.E.) and the Sassanid Empire (224 C.E. to 651 C.E.). The Parthians were the eastern nemesis of the Roman Empire. During the Sassanid reign the region experienced what Drijvers (2009) describes as, â€Å"long periods of cooperation, which comprised active cultural, religious, economic, and diplomatic exchange† with the Roman Empire (p. 1). The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center (2008) describes this period as a time of resurgence wherein, â€Å"Persian cities became centers of science, scholarship, art, and commerce...The first u12niversity in Iran was founded and build in Gondishapur† (p. 18). The current national identity of Iran began to take shape in 642 C.E. with the Muslim expansion. Abu Bakar, the father-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad and the leader of the Arabs, lead the Muslim conquest of the Persians. The Sassanian Empire was defeated approximately in 6 55 C.E. However, according to the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, â€Å"Although the majority of Persians converted to Islam, Persia did not become Arabized in contrast to the ancient civilizations of Iraq, Syria, and Egypt. If anything, the opposite is true: it was conqueringShow MoreRelatedIran, The Islamic Republic Of Iran1439 Words   |  6 PagesIran, known as Persia until 1935, became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling shah was driven out by a widespread revolution. Also known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, it borders the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, the Caspian Sea, and is located between Iraq and Pakistan. It also shares borders with Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan. Iran is roughly 1,648,195 square feet, the eighteenth largest country in the world with a population size of 82,801,633. It is governedRead MoreIran Is The Islamic Republic Of Iran1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe Iran Culture Iran is the Islamic Republic of Iran with Tehran being the capital. The country is about 1.65 million kilometers, which is slightly larger than Alaska. It is located in the Middle East bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf in the South and the Caspian Sea in the North. It is located between Iraq, Pakistan, and Afghanistan and consists of 24 provinces. Other border countries include Armenia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. It became an Islamic Republic, formerlyRead MoreThe Islamic Republic Of Iran1267 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 1960s, the newly reinstated Shah of Iran launched a series of reforms called the White Revolution. The reforms were intended to modernize Iran. Instead, they led to an increase in the Shah’s power and a greater wealth gap. In response to the Shah’s corruption, riots broke out in the fall of 1978. The Shah went into exile in January of 1979. In April of 1979, a referendum created the Islamic Republic of Iran. Ayatollah Khom eini, the figurehead of the Revolution, became the Supreme Leader. TheRead MoreThe Islamic Republic Of Iran1067 Words   |  5 Pagesthe country of Iran, an abundance of diversity defines their culture. This paper will define the culture of Iran by analyzing the environmental, political, religious, and military operational variables, as well as their military conflicts with the United States. The Islamic Republic of Iran; also known as Persia, is a country located in Southwest Asia. Its boundaries stretch from the Caspian Sea to the north and down to the Persian Gulf at its southern tip. The capital of Iran is Tehran, seatedRead MoreThe Islamic Republic Of Iran1426 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics. In 1979, Iran was officially established and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Since then it has been an active and vocal player in world politics. It’s rich history of political revolutions have inspired new waves of government control, tyrannical and benign leaders, and great cultural change over time. The strong religious beliefs expressed by the people of this nation are both a form of unity and disunity that cause widespread schisms within this state. As a theocratic republic, the interminglingRead MoreThe Islamic Republic Of Iran928 Words   |  4 Pagesotherwise known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, or Persia, is currently the 17th largest nation in the world ( 2nd in the Middle East) with a current population of around 78.4 million people. Modern day Iran was established on April 1st, 1979 following the overthrow of the Pahlavi Dynasty though events now referred to as the Iranian (or Islamic) Revolution of 1979. Iran is one of the four Islamic states in the Middle East that operate independently, and under Sharia, or Islamic law at the same timeRead MoreThe Islamic Republic of Iran550 Words   |  2 PagesThe Islamic Republic of Iran joined the Process at the second ministerial conference in Kabul, June 2012. Iran leads the Education CBM and has expressed its willingness to participate in implementation of all other CBM. Bilateral Ties and Regional Cooperation Iran has participated in all the regional and international conferences starting from the Bonn Agreement in 2001 to the HoAP ministerial conference in Almaty, Kazakhstan in 2013. It has also been the main supporter of the ECO and has participatedRead MoreThe Islamic Republic Of Iran2234 Words   |  9 PagesThe Islamic Republic of Iran is an authoritarian, complex and opaque regime with many leaders including the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who are openly hostile toward the west and in particular the United States. The former Supreme Leader Khomenei once said, â€Å"we must strive to export our Revolution throughout the world, and must abandon all idea of not doing so,† # despite their best efforts the Iranians have failed to achieve the Revolution’s goal. Furthermore the vast majority of MuslimsRead MoreIr The Islamic Republic Of Iran1413 Words   |  6 PagesFirst, I would like to give an overall background of the country Iran. Iran is officially known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, the name change was due to its revolution from 1978 to 1979 when the ruling monarchy was overthrown by Shitte Mulims. Iran was also known as Persia until 1935 until Nazi Germany influenced the Iranian government to change its name to Iran. Following the revolution, Iran adopted its current theocratic government and first Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, whoRead MoreIr The Islamic Republic Of Iran1776 Words   |  8 PagesIran has seen drastic changes since the year 1979 after the Iranian Revolution. Primarily due to the original infrastructure being overthrown by extremist Shia Muslim rebels. Iran was once a western-influenced country, but over the past 35 years, it has transitioned into a theocratic government and unfavorably viewed country as of recently. This assessment will outline a brief country background for better understanding and will be discussing current events, threats to and from Iran. It will also

Appraisal Report Green or Sustainable Development

Question: Discuss about the Appraisal Reportfor Green or Sustainable Development. Answer: Green or sustainable development is the process of meeting developmental goal by preserving the natural resource and ecosystem to sustain economical and social benefits from it. The concept of green economy or the sustainable development has been the ambitious goal of international community since the UN conference of 1992. The conference on Environment and Development called upon the government of different countries to develop policies and strategies for sustainable development. The implementations of these policies are challenged by issues of food and financial crisis and other ecological limits in different countries ("Green Economy : Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform"). The purpose of this appraisal report is to determine whether the concept of sustainable development can contribute to or retract from real estate values. It discusses the impact of sustainable development on real estate values to finally come to the conclusion of its positive or negative effect for real estate goals. The focus on green or sustainable development is high due to the clear scientific evidence on climate change and serious global risk caused due to adverse impact of climate change. Sustainable development is possible through certain themes like presence of a political system that promotes citizen participation in decision making, an economic system that generates surpluses on regular basis, a social system that prevent disharmony and a productive system based on ecological foundation of development (Ahi and Searcy). This entire motive can be successful only when an international system develops policies to modify the pattern of trade and the administrative facility takes flexible steps to preserve the natural ecosystem. The main impact of this sustainable development on real estate values can be seen from the research study by Zhang (2015) who analyzes the implications of green real estate development for reducing the impacts on environment and society. It gave positive implications of reforming real estate values by focus on environmental aspects of building properties. Sustainable development can add value to a property and the work on efficiency of a building helps to maintain and balance the resource needs of a growing population. In the field of real estate construction, the strategies employed for management of environmental resource can help to generate values for the property and use pricing techniques to gain maximum profit. The preservation of environment through taxation on negative environmental effects can go a long way in achieving the goal of sustainable development and bring change in resource allocation (Zorio et al.). Besides this value of a real estate property can be increased by the presence of a clear and protected property rights. The link between environmental policy and poverty alleviation can be strengthened by investment on energy efficient facilities in real estates. This initiative can promote the culture of sustainability among real estate investors (Veleva et al.). Another research literature investigated the relationship between sustainable development and property values in commercial real estate to get insight into feature that can enhance the valuation of property. A survey on perception of stakeholder in real estate industry showed that they support the importance of sustainable factors in property values and its direct relation with the expected financial performance of the property (Zao andZhao.). As the awareness of consumer regarding ill effects of climate change is increasing, they have begun to pay attention to Green mark certified building. Due to the social benefit evident in such buildings, this social benefit is also slowly translating to financial benefits for real estate business. In real estate valuation practice, the continued focus on sustainability features is needed to transform into a society with holistic development (Edwards and Naboni). Hence, high prioritization of sustainability in real sector is necessary to achieve a balance between economy, environment and society. The value of buildings and properties which reflects sustainable development is going on increasing because design and management of such building has played a vital role in reducing the impact of construction on environmental resource. Greater awareness among the investors regarding the issue of sustainability will bring target countries closer to the realization of sustainable development goals. A building construction lead to energy consumption, water usage, raw material consumption and generation of solid land fill waste. This creates a lot of ecological imbalance in the affected areas (GhaffarianHoseini et al.). Although real estate sector fail to understand this, but those who makes progress in building design and construction techniques are appreciated for their actions. This comes in the way of word-of-mouth praise as well as financial benefit. The range of benefits of green building and construction for real estate sector is that it has helped to reduce operating cost, promo te CSR (corporate social responsibility initiative), increase productivity and retain new tenants. Therefore, sustainable development approach in real estate sector is market-driven and this approach has great financial viability in real estate too (Berardi et al.). The analysis of the economics of green building reveals that the increase in green development and unpredictability in property market has not affected the values or return in investment of real estate. It gives the indication that any form of investment in energy-efficient building can contribute to the values of real estate and getting premium rents in lieu of the sustainability features in building (Eichholtz et al.). Therefore, green building can fully contribute to the rent and asset values in real estate business. From the detailed appraisal report evaluating the impact of green or sustainable development on the real estate values, it can be concluded that building construction with a focus on sustainable development has contributed to the value of real estate. It has helped real estate sector to balance environment, society and financial goals and achieve sustainable development goals. The essay discussed the key themes of sustainable development and the method through which sustainability initiative can be implemented. Furthermore analysis of recent literature regarding the impact of sustainable development on real estate valued revealed that this strategy is useful for realization of financial goals in real estate business as well as exhibit the corporate social responsibility in business. With the increase in stakeholder awareness of sustainability issues, the design and construction of green building is getting value for its efforts and they are also being appreciated for the realization of negative impact of construction on environment. Due to this realization only, they are coming up with new construction design and raw materials in the construction phase. Reference Ahi, Payman, and Cory Searcy. "A comparative literature analysis of definitions for green and sustainable supply chain management."Journal of Cleaner Production52 (2013): 329-341. Berardi, Umberto, AmirHosein GhaffarianHoseini, and Ali GhaffarianHoseini. "State-of-the-art analysis of the environmental benefits of green roofs."Applied Energy115 (2014): 411-428. Edwards, Brian W., and Emanuele Naboni.Green buildings pay: Design, productivity and ecology. Routledge, 2013. Eichholtz, Piet, Nils Kok, and John M. Quigley. "The economics of green building."Review of Economics and Statistics95.1 (2013): 50-63. GhaffarianHoseini, AmirHosein, et al. "Sustainable energy performances of green buildings: A review of current theories, implementations and challenges."Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews25 (2013): 1-17. "Green Economy .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform".Sustainabledevelopment.Un.Org, 2017, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/greeneconomy. Veleva, Vesela, et al. "Understanding and addressing business needs and sustainability challenges: lessons from Devens eco-industrial park."Journal of Cleaner Production87 (2015): 375-384. Zhang, Xiaoling. "Green real estate development in China: State of art and prospect agendaA review."Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews47 (2015): 1-13. Zorio, Ana, Maria A. Garca?Benau, and Laura Sierra. "Sustainability development and the quality of assurance reports: Empirical evidence."Business strategy and the environment22.7 (2013): 484-500. Zuo, Jian, and Zhen-Yu Zhao. "Green building researchcurrent status and future agenda: A review."Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews30 (2014): 271-281.

International Marketing

Functional Structure Functional organizations are subdivided into key functional departments whereby each department encompasses all the activities related to it. For example, an organization may be divided into three segments such as the finance, production, and marketing departments. Sales promotion and advertisements would fall in the marketing department. This structure is normally adopted by organizations with limited product scope. The CEO of the organization coordinates all the functions of the departments (Malamud Rotenberg, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on International Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nudlez Corporation Nudlez is a fast-food service industry in Washington that majorly deals in Asian meals. The company operates in Seattle as its headquarters and has various facilities and personnel that enable it supply food across the CBD. It operates franchises and also has mo bile cooking units that make it flexible to prepare fast-food individual meals. It has several food stores across Washington as well as street vending systems. The vending units are mobile and are built to accommodate its cooking processes (Khera Communications, 2010). The company has been departmentalized to into the product preparation and production, purchasing, marketing and sales departments with each department having distinct roles under one CEO, Bill Cook who manages the business processes as well as the human resource in the organization. Nudlez adopted the functional structure since it wanted to achieve efficient specialization in preparation of its meals as well as in its other business processes as such there was need to make employees be able to better understand their roles and responsibilities as well as the required job skills. The corporation wanted to avoid duplication of work in its business processes. Organizations with clearly defined roles for each sub departme nt and departments are able to avoid such problems. The organization chose the structure as it needed to eliminate redundancy by grouping resources by function and therefore focus on quality, healthy as well as competitively priced meals. Grouping an organization’s resources enables the organization to achieve economies of scale. This has enabled the company achieve a strong brand with emphasis on achieving fund brand culture. The company also wanted to adopt a structure that would enable it standardize its policies, practices as well as procedures that could be applied in every part of the organization. The company wanted to implement a business structure that would reduce management risks. Functional structure enables Nudlez to develop the skills of its employees to make them more efficient in their departments and therefore achieve high gross margins from its meal products. Product Structure Product structure is where an organization operates a stand alone business under t he larger organization. An organization that applies product structure segments the organization into several semiautonomous divisions as well as profit centers by considering the activities of the organization.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In carrying out segmentation, the organization may consider the products, customers or even geographical locations. In this case, each unit functions as a separate business. Each product unit is again subdivided into sub units for particular products (Malamud Rotenberg, 2010). Eastman Chemical Company Eastman Chemical Company is a chemical company that has its headquarters in Kingsport, Tennessee and deals in chemicals, fibers as well as plastics. It operates in many countries including Mexico, USA, UK, Netherlands, Malaysia and China. The company has five major sectors. These include fibers, polymers as well as speciality pl astics. It also has coatings and adhesives as well as performance chemicals. Each division has various products that it deals in and the products are segmented as either industrial or consumer goods (Eastman, 2011). Since the organization wanted a structure that would enable it focus its resources and attention towards customers, it chose the structure to facilitate its single products to the targeted customers. Eastman Chemical Company chose the structure as it needed a business structure that would facilitate its expansion. The structure allows an organization to add new business units to focus on new profit opportunities without making significant changes to the existing systems (Malamud Rotenberg, 2010). Eastman Chemical Company also wanted to attain high levels of accountability in its business performances since divisional units can be easily evaluated. It needed a system where decision making in one area of production does not affect the whole company. Product structure allo ws managers to employ specific expertise in making decisions which can drive the particular product production and performance in the market to greater levels (Malamud Rotenberg 2010). The company chose the structure so as to allow each product unit to fully manage its profit as well as loss responsibility. Area Structure Area structure is normally adopted by organizations that want to concentrate on geographically specific strategies and therefore focus their decisions on meeting local needs. The organization may therefore be divided into regional structures. The manager for each regional structure operates an almost autonomous business with each regional structure focusing on meeting the local needs of those regions. Each region again has substantial local authority and is responsible for its profits and losses (Malamud, Rotenberg, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on International Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pag e Learn More Whirlpool Corporation Whirlpool Corporation is a company that operates globally and deals in appliances of various categories. It operates in North America, Latin America, Europe and Asia with each region managed by its own CEO. Its products are tailored to meet the needs of the local conditions and the people in its region of operation. It focuses on cost productivity, innovation, product value as well as consumer value. Whirlpool is flexible to produce brands that meet the consumers’ demands in its regions of operations (Whirlpool, 2011). The company’s choice of business structure was influenced by its quest to meet the needs of all its local stakeholders. The company has the capacity to sense and understand local conditions and therefore be able to formulate strategies for meeting the needs of local stakeholders. The company optimizes its product mix as well as product design to meet local conditions and needs. This has enabled the compan y to beet competition from its rival companies. Customer/Market Structure It allows companies to organize their operations in such a way as to fulfill the needs of their customers. They are therefore segmented to meet the needs of their various markets. It becomes important therefore to ensure that the human resource department remains proficient in terms of fulfilling the diverse needs of the customers (Malamud, Rotenberg, 2010). Barclays Bank Barclays bank is one such corporation that offers various customer services. It is a global company and operates in most countries in the world with its headquarters being in the UK. The bank offers various account services, loans, insurance, savings and investments, mortgages and investment advice services. It offers services to both individuals and corporate businesses and has expanded its innovativeness to offer online banking services (Barclays, 2011). Barclays Bank had to implement the customer structure to focus its attention and resou rces to meet and satisfy its customers through quality services. Commercial banking is a competitive sector and therefore gaining competitive edge over rival companies is always the main focus. Besides, the financial sector needs those who can effectively evaluate the business outcomes of every activity that one undertakes in his or her operations. Therefore Barclays has to apply the structure to enable it develop and train its employees to be intelligent in their operations as they as maintain high standard customer service. Reference List Barclays. (2011). Barclays. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Eastman. (2011). Eastman Chemical Company. Web. Khera Communications. (2010). Fast food restaurant business plan. Web. Malamud, V., Rotenberg, Y. (2010). International business for entrepreneurs: Organizational structure and human resource management. Web. Whirlpool. (2011). Whirlpool Corporation. Web. This research paper on International Marketing was written and submitted by user Mays0n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. International Marketing Introduction Toyota is one of the leading automobile manufacturers in the world. The multinational employed over 315,000 workers in 2012 to make it the largest automobile manufacturer. Having being founded in August 28 1937, Toyota Motor Corporation has grown to include a group of companies including Daihatsu, Lexus, Hino Motors, Scion brand and Toyota (Toyota 2012).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The founder of the company was Kiichiro Toyoda who ventured out from Toyoda Industries which was owned by his father. The company is based in Toyota which is in Aichi, Japan. Toyota operates worldwide and its success in the automobile industry is as a result of sound management practices and implementation of strategic marketing policies. This paper seeks to analyze how Toyota has created a global brand and the features of a global brand it has successfully implemented. Strength of Toyota in home market For a global brand to be successful, it has to be strong in its home market where it was first introduced. Toyota was founded in Japan and though it is now an international brand, it first had to perform well in Japan. Toyota is so strong in its home market that most people in Japan and Chinese speaking countries identify with this brand. This has made it extremely difficult for other automobile countries to make an impact in this region of the world. Dominance of the home market prevents new entry of competitors. This has been beneficial to Toyota as it has been able to minimize competition in Japan. Dominance of the home market is a characteristic of all major global brands. It enables other markets to also appreciate the value of a brand since they are aware of its existing popularity and customer preference in another place. Other markets would not appreciate Toyota automobiles if the Japanese people were not driving them. It would be suspicious since foreign consumers would not understand the underlying reason why the brand is infamous in its home market.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Toyota’s strength in its home market was revealed by the 2010 Interbrand report. This report revealed that Toyota is ranked top of the list when it comes to the most valued brands in Japan. Toyota beat companies in other industries other than the automobile industry such as Sony, Nintendo and Toshiba. This was as a result of the company’s potential to influence consumer selection and generate revenue from its branding activities (The Independent 2010). The strength of Toyota in its home market is seen through comparison of sales volume in Japan and North America. In 2007, 2008 and 2009, Japan sales were:  ¥ 8,152,884,  ¥ 8,418,620 and  ¥ 7,471,916 while in North America they were  ¥ 8,771,495 ,  ¥ 9,248,950 and  ¥ 6,097,676 respectively (Geographic Breakdown 2009). Geographical balance in sales Toyota is well represented globally in terms of brand awareness. There is no place in the world where Toyota brand is not well known. It is an international brand that has presence and recognition in every region in the global automobile market. There are however regions that have adopted Toyota more than other brands. Other countries prefer other brands especially if it is an automobile manufacturing nation such as Germany. Toyota has addressed its global branding strategy in three faces. It has considered the aspects of recognition, awareness and sales. Being a global manufacturer of automobiles, Toyota has developed its marketing strategies which are aimed at creating sales from all regions of the world. It considers aspects such as cultural differences so as to make the marketing communication universal. The sales volume between 2007 and 2009 reveal the geographical imbala nce of Toyota’s operations. This is reflected in the table below: Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Table extracted from Geographic Breakdown (2009): http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Toyota_Motor_%28TM%29/Geographic_Breakdown Toyota’s marketing activities do not only target its home market in Japan. Rather, it develops marketing programs that are applicable in different regions of the world. For instance, the Chinese speaking countries use different writing styles as opposed to English speaking countries. Toyota does not develop its adverts in Chinese language only just because it is based in Japan. There are adverts meant for the Chinese and others meant for other markets. This approach ensures that awareness is created evenly in the world so that the brand grows everywhere. This reflects in the Toyota’s sales since there are substa ntial volumes sold in both English and Chinese speaking regions of the world. However, Toyota is excessively popular in the eastern part of the world as opposed to other regions. Due to this, the sales volume of the company in countries such as China, Hong Kong and Korea are very high as opposed to European sales. This is partly because European countries such as Germany and the UK also produce automobiles of their own. They therefore dominate the European markets since it is their home market. Toyota needs to overcome this obstacle if it is to rank among the top international brands such as Microsoft. It is important that international brands balance their sales volumes across geographical regions as this acts as a foundation for their stability in the global market. Addresses similar consumer needs worldwide One of the ways through which Toyota meets the needs of consumers globally is by creating service centers in almost every country. Service centers are necessary in the automob ile industry because vehicles constantly require servicing. Independent mechanics cannot be entrusted to satisfy the needs of all consumers, especially corporate customers. Toyota is able to get feedback and respond to customer queries through the service centers where people bring their troublesome vehicles. This strategy has so far been successful for instance during the recent recalling of various models by Toyota. The service centers of Toyota reveal its corporate framework in dealing with product issues (Siddiqui 2011).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was a direct investment by Toyota in its brand and it has enabled the company to gain mileage from its competitors such as Honda and Nissan which are also based in Japan. Toyota would not be successful if it was not effective in addressing consumer needs. Toyota’s effectiveness in meeting consumer needs is what makes an estimated 80% of Toyota vehicles to still be in the road 20 years after they were sold (Siddiqui 2011). Consistent Positioning Toyota is very consistent in its positioning strategy. Over the years, the company has adopted different themes to direct its marketing activities. For instance between 1975 and 1979, Toyota’s theme in North America implied that the company was in the business of providing consumers with what they ask for. In another theme, Toyota implied that that they satisfy customers such that none of them can ask for something in addition to what they offer. In another slogan, Toyota stated that most cars on the roads were Toyotas so t hat consumers could be motivated to choose this brand over others. The positioning of Toyota therefore is aimed at creating a picture of automobile dominance in the consumers’ minds. This is seen from the various themes and slogans that Toyota has adopted over the years. The global vision of Toyota is aimed at making the brand the most preferred in the automobile industry. The vision states that Toyota will revolutionize the motor industry in future because of its innovativeness and goals. The objective of producing safe vehicles is the tool that the company intends on using to make Toyota the best automobile brand in the coming days. The company’s vision also specifies Toyota’s commitment to environmental concern since vehicles contribute greatly to global warming. Quality is also assured to customers in the global vision as well as a guarantee that the most talented people would be responsible for organizational operations (Toyota 2012). Following the approach specified in Toyota’s global vision, the company positions itself as the brand that will define future automobile activities. Positioning is important as this affects consumers’ perspectives of brands. The core values of teamwork, innovation and quality assurance assist in the achievement of organizational objectives by directing efforts towards the vision. Effective positioning also influences consumer behavior as it makes the purchasing decision making process easier. When automobile consumers go to a motor showroom with the intention of purchasing a vehicle, the perception that they have of the different brands affect the products that appeal to them. Some even go specifically to purchase that brand which they already perceive to be superior. This is the strategy that Toyota uses so as to create the perception that its brands are more superior to other automobiles in the market. This has worked out successfully so far since Toyota’s mission statement, core v alues and global vision ensure consistent positioning in the global market. Country of Origin effect The COO effect refers to the impact that the country where products are manufactured assembled, designed or where the corporate ownership originates from has on a brand (Doole 2008). Some countries are notorious of producing substandard products and counterfeits. China apparently tops this list of exporting goods that are of inferior quality to unsuspecting consumers in other countries. The COO effect favors Japan since the country has a good reputation of producing quality products since it depends on exports for GDP growth and development. Many global companies in the electronics and automobile industry are known for their production of quality products and brands. This has favored Toyota which is also based in Japan and so there is a positive COO effect in relation to their brands. However, some of Toyota’s operations are based in China. The business environment in China fa vors manufacturing operations since the costs of production are lower because of availability of cheap labor. In the automobile industry, some cars are not sold directly from the company as independent importers buy from car dealers and agencies. In this regard, some of the Toyota vehicles distributed in some areas of the world especially in developing countries originate from China. China is always the easiest source of products since there are lower costs and fewer bureaucracies that importers and exporters experience. The COO effect comes to play in this case since some consumers have become cautious of vehicles they buy given that China products are known not to be genuine and long lasting. Toyota tries to overcome this hurdle by encouraging corporate clients to purchase only from authorized dealers who can guarantee after sale services in case vehicles develop complications. The COO effect affected Toyota during the recent recall of faulty vehicles. Toyota decided to recall abo ut 8.5 million vehicles which it had discovered to be faulty (Fangfang 2010). These vehicles had brakes and accelerators which were problematic and capable of causing accidents. After this action, automobile consumers became weary of vehicles that are manufactured in China. Some even feared for their vehicles even though they were not in the list of the faulty models. This action also reduced the number of potential customers who visited Toyota showrooms. The faulty vehicles comprised of the RAV sport utility model. Chinese automakers are known for their ambitious expansion operations and this only adds fears to consumers of the possibility of future mistakes being made in the automobile industry. Product category focus Toyota produces a variety of products. Their product strategy is however different from that of other automobile companies such as General Motors and Ford. Toyota has focused on the automobiles which are its core business. For this reason, the brand Toyota is commonl y associated with automobiles and not other product categories. The company has therefore successfully achieved product category focus since its publics are never confused about what Toyota specifies in producing. Toyota however has a subsidiary, Toyota Financial Services which focuses on financial services, and is part of the Toyota Group of Companies. Unlike Chinese companies, Toyota’s product specialty is not too diversified to enable consumers identify the core business of the company. Another aspect that distinguishes Toyota’s product strategy from its competitors is its single corporate brand (Ritson 2010). The sales of Toyota revolve around the sub brands related to Toyota. The company also markets brands such as Scion and Lexus but Toyota is the most dominant. This business approach has led to the company’s prosperity since there has been a united effort from organizational operations, management and culture. The single brand focus has simplified manufac turing activities since the components needed for most products are the same. Marketing of Toyota automobile models has also been easier and cheaper since the sub-brands are all related to the corporate brand. The single corporate brand strategy makes manufacturing easier as components needed in most models are the same. Corporate name Toyota’s marketing activities are simplified because the company’s sub-brands are all related to the corporate name. The company uses the same name for the brands and the corporation. This means that advertising the company directly markets its brands given that they share a name. The name Toyota was initially Toyoda which was the founder’s name. This was changed in 1936 so that the corporate and brand name could be differentiated from the owners. This was important so that organizational matters could be separated from family issues and problems. Toyota as a brand has since been successful since it is independent from affairs of the owner’s family. Changing the brand name to Toyota also sounded better than Toyoda in Japanese and its meaning was also appealing as it stands for wealth and fortune. Toyota’s corporate name was abused before the 1990s. Before this time, the name Toyota was used worldwide for different purposes and this made marketing efforts such as positioning and strategic advertising the company difficult. This changed in 1989 when Toyota introduced its logo which was meant to differentiate the brand from others. The fact that the company name and its products are all Toyota means that marketing the company as a brand is marketing the product and vice versa. Status of Toyota as a global brand Toyota has worked tirelessly so as to achieve the global brand status. These efforts have however not yet been ultimately successful going by the latest results from the Interbrand report. The problem with attaining the global brand status appears to be more than an organizational challenge because no Japanese company was able to appear in the top ten most recognizable brands. This list was filled with companies from the US which strategize on global growth as opposed to regional growth. Toyota on the other hand has enormous sales volume in some regions while others have minimal. The 2002 sales report indicated that Toyota was dominant in Japan and the North America but weak in Europe and Asia. This was before the entry of Toyota into the Chinese market but it nonetheless indicated that the company’s sales are concentrated on certain areas only. Toyota has the potential of becoming one of the leading brands in the world. This is because the production volume of the company symbolizes that of a global leader. In 2009, Toyota surpassed General Motor’s production volume to become the leading manufacture of automobiles. The sale of Toyota vehicles is however concentrated on certain regions only. This demonstrates that if the company was able to balance its s ales geographically, it would create large volumes of sales and achieve high profitability. Geographical balancing of sales is what is standing in the way of Toyota in its quest of achieving its full potential and a global brand status. It can be concluded that Toyota is more than halfway done with its global branding process. This is because it has successfully accomplished some of the features that characterize fully developed global brands. At the same time, some important features have not been amicably addressed by the company. Aspects such as strength in home market, addressing similar consumer needs, consistent positioning, product category focus and corporate name have been addressed well by Toyota. Conversely, geographical balancing of sales and the country of origin effect still drag Toyota behind. The COO effect is somewhat related to external factors since other Chinese manufacturers who produce inferior goods tarnish the name of the entire country. Internationalization Of Chinese Firms The types of internationalization include born global and incremental internationalization. According to Child and Rodrigues (2005), the difference between the two is that incremental internationalization is the conventional approach whereby the process takes time and is only carried out when a firm is ready to venture abroad. Born global internationalization is whereby companies seek market share in the global market right from their inception (Moen 2002). The approach sought by Chinese firms has for a long time been incremental internationalization because the Chinese market was large as a result of the high population density. It was only recently when new Chinese firms adopted the born global strategy because of the competitive disadvantages that local companies had. Globalization is now the leading trend in business and any company that aims at success and profitability will have to embrace it. The Chinese thought that the local markets could sustain profitabil ity for their businesses but entry of foreign investors increased competition to an unbearable level. When it comes to the network theory of internationalization the current age of companies operate in the network model since joint ventures have become the order of the day (Park and Luo 2001). For instance, instead of Apple setting up a manufacturing company in China, it decided to use a subsidiary instead. The partnership between Apple and Foxconn showed how Chinese firms were willing to form joint ventures with foreign companies so as to achieve growth and prosperity. Toyota and FAW also joined forces to become the largest joint venture in northeast China (Roberts 2006). The network model of internationalization is perceived to be a modification of the stage models since it is simply a quickened process of attaining the same objective (Chi-Hsing and Hsin-Chih 2008; Tichy, Tushman and Fombrun 1979). Under the stage model, internationalization is achieved gradually through a series of steps. This mostly applies to small and medium sized businesses which would lack capital and manpower to run foreign operations. The need to expand outward from a local market arises when there is either stagnation of sales, opportunities in foreign markets or need for corporate growth (Cateora, Gilly and Graham 2009). Chinese firms experienced the decline of demand in the domestic economy once many people ventured into business activities and then multinationals also entered the market. Chinese firms became motivated to venture abroad as a result of the entry of multinationals which sought to tap from the new and large Chinese market. Multinationals such as Nike, Google, Coca Cola and Apple rushed to the Chinese market after the removal of trade barriers that had prevented foreign companies from operating and selling in the country. This move prompted Chinese companies to consider expanding externally so as to remain competitive in the industry. The conventional international th eory held that investing in a foreign country was supposed to come much later after a company begins operating (Oviatt and McDougall 1994). This was the case for companies such as Toyota which operated in its home country for many years before going global. This situation has since changed as the business environment has become more dynamic and competitive. Currently, most companies go for the born global approach where they strategize on becoming international right from the time they are established. Chinese companies have not been left behind in this quest for global market dominance. Due to this change of business approach, there is hardly any large Chinese corporation that does not include internationalization plans in its corporate strategy; e.g. Lenovo. Chinese companies have not always been ‘born global’. The products produced and sold in the country were for many years non-branded. Chinese businessmen simply went for sales and not creation of brand equity. In t his regard, Chinese products lacked Intellectual Property Rights which are important for international marketing. Currently, Chinese businessmen are being encouraged to patent their businesses and products so that it is possible for them to get into the export business when opportunities arise (Cateora and Graham 2005). The easiest approach into internationalization in China currently would be the network approach which involves the formation of joint ventures and partnerships. In this approach, development of facilities in foreign countries is not required since it makes use of businesses that are already in existence. The model that best describes the internationalization process in China is the network theory. This is because Chinese firms have not yet established a global presence like most foreign companies. This is the reason Chinese leaders are encouraging entrepreneurs to venture abroad so as to boost their sales. There has also been slow adoption of branding strategies sinc e most Chinese products and businesses do not have Intellectual Property Rights. This is also the reason why there are a lot of counterfeit products produced and distributed in China. What is evident in China is more partnerships and joint ventures being formed between Chinese firms and foreign investors. Another reason for this is the cultural differences that make it difficult for Chinese companies to understand foreign markets fully. This was witnessed in the case of Lenovo which acquired IBM in 2004 but has struggled to do away with IBM brand which was well recognized in North American more than Lenovo. Chinese companies will therefore have to invest in global branding if they are to attain successful internationalization status and creation of global brands. 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